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Introduction
With a population of over 1 billion, India is one of the most of import states with speed uping economic growing. Harmonizing to the World Bank ( 2009 ) , the one-year GDP growing of India has been more than 7 % over the past 10 old ages.
The fiscal crises in 1997 and 2008 have revealed the importance of robust banking system towards economic development. Indian Government liberalized the banking system through Indian Banking Sector Reform in 1991.
From the first bank in India in 1786, the development of Indian Banking System has three distinguishable stages.
Early Phase ( 1786 – 1969 )
There were 1100 little Bankss in India. The Government implemented the Banking Companies Act 1949 to ease the operation of commercial Bankss. Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) was authorized to oversee the Indian banking sector and became the Central Banking Authority.
Post Nationalization Period ( 1969 – 1991 )
State Bank of India was formed to move as a chief agent of RBI and manage banking minutess in India. Fourteen major commercial Bankss were nationalized as there was a diminution in public assurance during the early stage. Nationalization guaranteed the sustainability of banking industry and aroused public assurance.
Post-Liberalization Period ( 1991 – now )
Liberalization of banking patterns occurred. Foreign Bankss, ATMs, phone banking, net banking were introduced to do the banking system more convenient and efficient.
The development of banking system is pass throughing. Public-Sector Banks contributes to 78 % of entire banking industry plus. Private-Sector Banks, on the other manus, are sing great advancement in cyberspace banking, ATMs and other engineering promotions. They are likely to spread out in India.
Central Bank – Reserve Bank of India
It was established in 1935 and was nationalized in 1949. It has 8 maps explained as follows:
Note Issue: It has the exclusive right to publish bank notes of all denominations as an agent of the Government.
Government Banker: It acts as Government banker, agent and advisor. It controls the banking system through licensing, review and naming for information. It besides supervises and controls commercial and concerted Bankss.
Care of Minimum Reserve Ratio: RBI set the hard currency modesty ratio is 5 % and repo rate is 4.75 % in 2009.
Lender of Last Resort: It acts as the loaner of last resort by supplying rediscount installations to scheduled Bankss.
Credit Controller: It controls the recognition operations of Bankss quantitatively and qualitatively like unfastened market operations, price reduction policies and modesty demands.
Colony of Uncluttering Functions: RBI facilitates the inter-bank glade of current histories in 1050 glade houses in India.
Custodian of Foreign Militias: RBI sets a bound on money transportation in and out of India under Foreign Exchange Management Act. It examines India ‘s modesty of international currencies and maintains the official rate of exchange with all member states of International Monetary Fund.
Promotional Functions: RBI is responsible to widen banking installations to rural and semi-urban countries, and set up and advance new specialized funding bureaus.
Banking System – Banks in India
The Reserve Bank of India heads the Indian commercial Bankss. Banks in India can be categorized into three grades – scheduled commercial Bankss ; regional rural Bankss which operate in rural countries non covered by scheduled Bankss ; and concerted and particular purpose rural Bankss.
There are about 98 scheduled commercial Bankss, both Indian and foreign, about 200 regional rural Bankss, more than 350 cardinal concerted Bankss, 20 land development Bankss, and a figure of agricultural recognition societies.
Commercial Banks
Commercial banking is dominated by 28 state-owned Bankss commanding 69.9 % of assets in the sector in 2007/08. Private domestic held 21.7 % and foreign Bankss had the staying 8.4 % . Commercial Bankss can be categorized into domestic Bankss and foreign Bankss.
Domestic Banks
They include public-sector Bankss, private-sector Bankss and nest eggs, mortgage and co-operative Bankss. The biggest domestic bank is a public-sector bank, State Bank of India with market portion 16.83 % . The 2nd biggest domestic bank is a private-sector bank, ICICI Bank with market portion 9.11 % .
Public-Sector Banks
They have a state broad webs and each has its ain geographic fastness. They provide a full scope of banking services and are an of import beginning of short-run financess. State Bank of India is the largest bank supplying 16.83 $ of loan progresss in 2007/08. In 2008, SBI merged its subordinate, State Bank of Saurashtra, and is increasing its international presence.
The debut of rigorous capital-adequacy, income-recognition and asset-classification norms in economic reform promoted public-sector Bankss to uncover true places in fiscal statements. The spread between strong and weak Bankss is therefore widened.
Private-Sector Banks
There were 41 private-sector Bankss and 18 of them were listed on the stock exchange as of 2009. They normally have strong regional client bases and upgrade their engineering and services.
ICICI, the largest private-sector bank, merged with Bank of Madura in 2001 and Shangli Bank in 2007. Life Insurance Corporation of India raised its interest in Corporation Bank to 27 % from 12.32 % in 2001. It is expected that more amalgamations and acquisitions will be found in the coming decennary.
Savingss, mortgages and co-operative Bankss
They are little and contribute somewhat to the beginning of financess for most companies. They tend to finance rural and little sectors and have geographically-restricted operations. New RBI ordinances have imposed limitations on them in 2001 as some urban concerted Bankss were discovered to hold a high exposure to the stock market.
Foreign Banks
The biggest foreign bank is Citibank with market portion 1.55 % . Standard Chartered Bank ranked the 2nd. Citibank, Standard Chartered Bank, HSBC and ABN Amro Bank dominate the sector in the diagram shown below.
Comparing the progresss of foreign Bankss and that of commercial Bankss, it is shown that foreign Bankss play a little function in banking industry. They accounted for 8.4 % of entire commercial-bank assets in 2007/08. But the lifting net net incomes of the Bankss to Rs66.12bn in 2007/08 from Rs45.85bn in 2006/07 suggested the increasing importance of this sector.
Foreign Bankss offer borrowing footings similar to local Bankss, but their benchmark premier loaning rates are 1 to 3 per centum points higher. Foreign Bankss normally form portion of a lending pool.
Foreign Bankss without a subdivision presence can carry on concern through representative offices. These Bankss concentrate on supplying seaward currency loans and related foreign-exchange merchandises, instead than retail banking or local-currency loaning.
Investing Banks and Brokerages
Investing Bankss and securities firms rely on consultative concern. They have a limited engagement in hazard capital. They can endure the downswing without the hazard of traveling out of concern. However, if the downswing continues in 2010, some Bankss may go forth the little Indian market.
Citi ( US ) and JM Financial Group have the greatest market portion in this sector with their part of more than half trade value. Give the growing of Indian market, major foreign investing Bankss have reworked their partnerships with investing Bankss to assist them to capture a greater market portion.
Development Banks
Public-sector development Bankss were traditionally the rule beginning of long-run capital. Development Bankss provide medium and long-run rupee and foreign-currency funding, underwrite and subscribe to stocks and unsecured bonds. Due to the fiscal sector reform, they offer new services and merchandises, set up organisations to supply a assortment of fiscal services. Some countrywide development Bankss are Industrial Finance Corp of India and Industrial Investment Bank of India.
The Post Office Saving Bank
It has the largest retail-bank web, with over 155,000 subdivisions. A turning figure of station offices are besides connected electronically. Given its big distribution web, India Post now leverages its presence to go a general financial-services distributer. It provides assorted common financess and bonds. It besides offers an inward international money-transfer service.
Offshore Banks
Banks are allowed to put up abroad banking units within the state ‘s particular economic zones working as abroad subdivisions of domestic Bankss. Six domestic Bankss set up abroad banking units: Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank, ICICI Bank, Punjab National Bank, State Bank of India and Union Bank. Domestic Bankss can bask a revenue enhancement tax write-off on the income from OBUs and advantages of planetary presence.
Banks Deposit Composition
The sedimentations of national Bankss dominate the banking industry because they are backed up by the authorities and the public therefore have assurance in nationalized Bankss. However, regional rural Bankss have a little portion of sedimentations. It is chiefly due to the lower income degree in rural countries. Although foreign Bankss have a 2nd little portion of sedimentations, liberalisation of the banking industry will let them to spread out their concern.
Competitive Situation
More aggressive amalgamation and acquisition are stemming in India. One advantages stemming from amalgamation is the ability to cross-sell a batch of retail merchandises including lodging loans, auto loans, personal finance and recognition cards. Further, merged entity will be able to vie with menaces from planetary participants, for case, HSBC and Citibank.
However, challenges of amalgamation are the integrating of fiscal and human resources, every bit good as fulfilling statutory demands. Besides some FIs faced the job of trusting on an increasing cagey market to raise capital. As FIs were funding long-run undertakings with money rose short term, there was a critical asset-liability disparity. RBI so proposed to change over fiscal establishments into cosmopolitan Bankss late. A rearward amalgamation with their ain subordinate Bankss will now give FIs entree to low-priced financess.
The tendency of amalgamations and acquisitions will predominate in the coming old ages.
Economic Conditionss
Indian Bankss ‘ balance sheets are non straight exposed to sub-prime mortgage taking in US. The GDP and GDP per capital are expected to turn in the coming decennary. The planetary fiscal crisis does non sabotage the banking industry in India in a great extent. The appraisal of the banking sector hazard is instead low compared to that in Asia and Australasia in 2009.
The enlargement of consumer recognition does non present a high hazard to the banking industry as the degree of debts per client remains low. In contrast, RBI moved the focal point of its policy from hiking economic growing to incorporating rising prices. Interest rates are expected to lift and tighter pecuniary policy are expected to be implemented.
Decisions
The liberalisation of banking system has ( 1 ) strengthen the banking sector ( 2 ) supply more operational flexibleness to Bankss ( 3 ) heighten the competitory efficiency of Bankss ( 4 ) strengthen the legal model regulating bank operations. This well-developed banking system is favorable when it comes to enlargement in India.
However, a acute competition is found in India. Each sector has assorted bing Bankss with strong client trueness. Numerous state-owned Bankss and FIs are the dominant participants in India.
Despite the stable Indian economic system and the steady and slow motion towards liberalisation of banking system, the Government will likely beef up the fiscal regulative system sufficiently before a complete liberalisation. Therefore, it is concluded that India is non suited for enlargement.
Mentions
World Bank ( 2009 ) . Word Bank in India. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0, ,contentMDK:22398481~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html
India Finance & A ; Investment Guide ( 2009 ) . Introduction. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //finance.indiamart.com/investment_in_india/banking_india.html
Maps of India ( 2008 ) . Banks in India. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //business.mapsofindia.com/banks-in-india/
Kamath, G.B. ( 2009 ) . Emerald. The Intellectual Capital Performance of Indian Banking Sector, pp.4. Retrieved from, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/Insight/viewPDF.jsp? contentType=Article & A ; Filename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/2500080104.pdf
Bank of India ( 2009 ) . Main Functions. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutusDisplay.aspx # MF
OneIndia News ( 2009, July 28 ) . RBI Keeps All Key Rates Unchanged. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //news.oneindia.in/2009/07/28/rbi-keeps-all-key-rates-unchanged.html
Hubbard, R.G. & A ; O’Brien ( 2006 ) . How the Fed Reserves Manages the Money Supply. In Macroeconomics ( 2nd Ed. ) , Money, Banks, and the Federal Reserve System ( pp. 451-452 ) . United States: Pearson International Edition.
NK Infobase ( 2009 ) . Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //money-transfer.in/reservebankofindia.html
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2009, July ) . Country Finance, India. Domestic Banks, pp. 14. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eiu.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/report_dl.asp? issue_id=1784732363 & A ; mode=pdf
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2009, July ) . Country Finance, India. Foreign Banks, pp. 14. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eiu.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/report_dl.asp? issue_id=1784732363 & A ; mode=pdf
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2009, July ) . Country Finance, India. Investment Banks and Brokerages, pp. 16. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eiu.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/report_dl.asp? issue_id=1784732363 & A ; mode=pdf
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2009, July ) . Country Finance, India. Development and Postal Banks, pp. 18. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eiu.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/report_dl.asp? issue_id=1784732363 & A ; mode=pdf
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2009, July ) . Country Finance, India. Offshore Banks, pp. 20. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eiu.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/report_dl.asp? issue_id=1784732363 & A ; mode=pdf
Subhash, D.V. ( 2002, February ) . Birth of a Universal Bank. Retrieved 2 December, 2009. from hypertext transfer protocol: //search.ebscohost.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/login.aspx? direct=true & A ; db=bth & A ; AN=7210765 & A ; site=ehost-live
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2009, October ) . India: Banking Sector Risk. Retrieved 28 November 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eiu.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/index.asp? layout=displayIssueArticle & A ; issue_id=1514868936 & A ; article_id=1664868951
Scribd ( 2009 ) . A Report on Non-Performing Assets – Challenge to the Public Sector Banks, pp. 10. Retrieved December 2, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/8817767/A-REPORT-ON-NPA-IN-BANKING
With a population of over 1 billion, India is one of the most of import states with speed uping economic growing. Harmonizing to the World Bank ( 2009 ) , the one-year GDP growing of India has been more than 7 % over the past 10 old ages.
The fiscal crises in 1997 and 2008 have revealed the importance of robust banking system towards economic development. Indian Government liberalized the banking system through Indian Banking Sector Reform in 1991.
From the first bank in India in 1786, the development of Indian Banking System has three distinguishable stages.
Early Phase ( 1786 – 1969 )
There were 1100 little Bankss in India. The Government implemented the Banking Companies Act 1949 to ease the operation of commercial Bankss. Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) was authorized to oversee the Indian banking sector and became the Central Banking Authority.
Post Nationalization Period ( 1969 – 1991 )
State Bank of India was formed to move as a chief agent of RBI and manage banking minutess in India. Fourteen major commercial Bankss were nationalized as there was a diminution in public assurance during the early stage. Nationalization guaranteed the sustainability of banking industry and aroused public assurance.
Post-Liberalization Period ( 1991 – now )
Liberalization of banking patterns occurred. Foreign Bankss, ATMs, phone banking, net banking were introduced to do the banking system more convenient and efficient.
The development of banking system is pass throughing. Public-Sector Banks contributes to 78 % of entire banking industry plus. Private-Sector Banks, on the other manus, are sing great advancement in cyberspace banking, ATMs and other engineering promotions. They are likely to spread out in India.
Central Bank – Reserve Bank of India
It was established in 1935 and was nationalized in 1949. It has 8 maps explained as follows:
Note Issue: It has the exclusive right to publish bank notes of all denominations as an agent of the Government.
Government Banker: It acts as Government banker, agent and advisor. It controls the banking system through licensing, review and naming for information. It besides supervises and controls commercial and concerted Bankss.
Care of Minimum Reserve Ratio: RBI set the hard currency modesty ratio is 5 % and repo rate is 4.75 % in 2009.
Lender of Last Resort: It acts as the loaner of last resort by supplying rediscount installations to scheduled Bankss.
Credit Controller: It controls the recognition operations of Bankss quantitatively and qualitatively like unfastened market operations, price reduction policies and modesty demands.
Colony of Uncluttering Functions: RBI facilitates the inter-bank glade of current histories in 1050 glade houses in India.
Custodian of Foreign Militias: RBI sets a bound on money transportation in and out of India under Foreign Exchange Management Act. It examines India ‘s modesty of international currencies and maintains the official rate of exchange with all member states of International Monetary Fund.
Promotional Functions: RBI is responsible to widen banking installations to rural and semi-urban countries, and set up and advance new specialized funding bureaus.
Banking System – Banks in India
The Reserve Bank of India heads the Indian commercial Bankss. Banks in India can be categorized into three grades – scheduled commercial Bankss ; regional rural Bankss which operate in rural countries non covered by scheduled Bankss ; and concerted and particular purpose rural Bankss.
There are about 98 scheduled commercial Bankss, both Indian and foreign, about 200 regional rural Bankss, more than 350 cardinal concerted Bankss, 20 land development Bankss, and a figure of agricultural recognition societies.
Commercial Banks
Commercial banking is dominated by 28 state-owned Bankss commanding 69.9 % of assets in the sector in 2007/08. Private domestic held 21.7 % and foreign Bankss had the staying 8.4 % . Commercial Bankss can be categorized into domestic Bankss and foreign Bankss.
Domestic Banks
They include public-sector Bankss, private-sector Bankss and nest eggs, mortgage and co-operative Bankss. The biggest domestic bank is a public-sector bank, State Bank of India with market portion 16.83 % . The 2nd biggest domestic bank is a private-sector bank, ICICI Bank with market portion 9.11 % .
Public-Sector Banks
They have a state broad webs and each has its ain geographic fastness. They provide a full scope of banking services and are an of import beginning of short-run financess. State Bank of India is the largest bank supplying 16.83 $ of loan progresss in 2007/08. In 2008, SBI merged its subordinate, State Bank of Saurashtra, and is increasing its international presence.
The debut of rigorous capital-adequacy, income-recognition and asset-classification norms in economic reform promoted public-sector Bankss to uncover true places in fiscal statements. The spread between strong and weak Bankss is therefore widened.
Private-Sector Banks
There were 41 private-sector Bankss and 18 of them were listed on the stock exchange as of 2009. They normally have strong regional client bases and upgrade their engineering and services.
ICICI, the largest private-sector bank, merged with Bank of Madura in 2001 and Shangli Bank in 2007. Life Insurance Corporation of India raised its interest in Corporation Bank to 27 % from 12.32 % in 2001. It is expected that more amalgamations and acquisitions will be found in the coming decennary.
Savingss, mortgages and co-operative Bankss
They are little and contribute somewhat to the beginning of financess for most companies. They tend to finance rural and little sectors and have geographically-restricted operations. New RBI ordinances have imposed limitations on them in 2001 as some urban concerted Bankss were discovered to hold a high exposure to the stock market.
Foreign Banks
The biggest foreign bank is Citibank with market portion 1.55 % . Standard Chartered Bank ranked the 2nd. Citibank, Standard Chartered Bank, HSBC and ABN Amro Bank dominate the sector in the diagram shown below.
Comparing the progresss of foreign Bankss and that of commercial Bankss, it is shown that foreign Bankss play a little function in banking industry. They accounted for 8.4 % of entire commercial-bank assets in 2007/08. But the lifting net net incomes of the Bankss to Rs66.12bn in 2007/08 from Rs45.85bn in 2006/07 suggested the increasing importance of this sector.
Foreign Bankss offer borrowing footings similar to local Bankss, but their benchmark premier loaning rates are 1 to 3 per centum points higher. Foreign Bankss normally form portion of a lending pool.
Foreign Bankss without a subdivision presence can carry on concern through representative offices. These Bankss concentrate on supplying seaward currency loans and related foreign-exchange merchandises, instead than retail banking or local-currency loaning.
Investing Banks and Brokerages
Investing Bankss and securities firms rely on consultative concern. They have a limited engagement in hazard capital. They can endure the downswing without the hazard of traveling out of concern. However, if the downswing continues in 2010, some Bankss may go forth the little Indian market.
Citi ( US ) and JM Financial Group have the greatest market portion in this sector with their part of more than half trade value. Give the growing of Indian market, major foreign investing Bankss have reworked their partnerships with investing Bankss to assist them to capture a greater market portion.
Development Banks
Public-sector development Bankss were traditionally the rule beginning of long-run capital. Development Bankss provide medium and long-run rupee and foreign-currency funding, underwrite and subscribe to stocks and unsecured bonds. Due to the fiscal sector reform, they offer new services and merchandises, set up organisations to supply a assortment of fiscal services. Some countrywide development Bankss are Industrial Finance Corp of India and Industrial Investment Bank of India.
The Post Office Saving Bank
It has the largest retail-bank web, with over 155,000 subdivisions. A turning figure of station offices are besides connected electronically. Given its big distribution web, India Post now leverages its presence to go a general financial-services distributer. It provides assorted common financess and bonds. It besides offers an inward international money-transfer service.
Offshore Banks
Banks are allowed to put up abroad banking units within the state ‘s particular economic zones working as abroad subdivisions of domestic Bankss. Six domestic Bankss set up abroad banking units: Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank, ICICI Bank, Punjab National Bank, State Bank of India and Union Bank. Domestic Bankss can bask a revenue enhancement tax write-off on the income from OBUs and advantages of planetary presence.
Banks Deposit Composition
The sedimentations of national Bankss dominate the banking industry because they are backed up by the authorities and the public therefore have assurance in nationalized Bankss. However, regional rural Bankss have a little portion of sedimentations. It is chiefly due to the lower income degree in rural countries. Although foreign Bankss have a 2nd little portion of sedimentations, liberalisation of the banking industry will let them to spread out their concern.
Competitive Situation
More aggressive amalgamation and acquisition are stemming in India. One advantages stemming from amalgamation is the ability to cross-sell a batch of retail merchandises including lodging loans, auto loans, personal finance and recognition cards. Further, merged entity will be able to vie with menaces from planetary participants, for case, HSBC and Citibank.
However, challenges of amalgamation are the integrating of fiscal and human resources, every bit good as fulfilling statutory demands. Besides some FIs faced the job of trusting on an increasing cagey market to raise capital. As FIs were funding long-run undertakings with money rose short term, there was a critical asset-liability disparity. RBI so proposed to change over fiscal establishments into cosmopolitan Bankss late. A rearward amalgamation with their ain subordinate Bankss will now give FIs entree to low-priced financess.
The tendency of amalgamations and acquisitions will predominate in the coming old ages.
Economic Conditionss
Indian Bankss ‘ balance sheets are non straight exposed to sub-prime mortgage taking in US. The GDP and GDP per capital are expected to turn in the coming decennary. The planetary fiscal crisis does non sabotage the banking industry in India in a great extent. The appraisal of the banking sector hazard is instead low compared to that in Asia and Australasia in 2009.
The enlargement of consumer recognition does non present a high hazard to the banking industry as the degree of debts per client remains low. In contrast, RBI moved the focal point of its policy from hiking economic growing to incorporating rising prices. Interest rates are expected to lift and tighter pecuniary policy are expected to be implemented.
Decisions
The liberalisation of banking system has ( 1 ) strengthen the banking sector ( 2 ) supply more operational flexibleness to Bankss ( 3 ) heighten the competitory efficiency of Bankss ( 4 ) strengthen the legal model regulating bank operations. This well-developed banking system is favorable when it comes to enlargement in India.
However, a acute competition is found in India. Each sector has assorted bing Bankss with strong client trueness. Numerous state-owned Bankss and FIs are the dominant participants in India.
Despite the stable Indian economic system and the steady and slow motion towards liberalisation of banking system, the Government will likely beef up the fiscal regulative system sufficiently before a complete liberalisation. Therefore, it is concluded that India is non suited for enlargement.
Mentions
World Bank ( 2009 ) . Word Bank in India. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0, ,contentMDK:22398481~menuPK:2246552~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:223547,00.html
India Finance & A ; Investment Guide ( 2009 ) . Introduction. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //finance.indiamart.com/investment_in_india/banking_india.html
Maps of India ( 2008 ) . Banks in India. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //business.mapsofindia.com/banks-in-india/
Kamath, G.B. ( 2009 ) . Emerald. The Intellectual Capital Performance of Indian Banking Sector, pp.4. Retrieved from, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/Insight/viewPDF.jsp? contentType=Article & A ; Filename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/2500080104.pdf
Bank of India ( 2009 ) . Main Functions. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rbi.org.in/scripts/AboutusDisplay.aspx # MF
OneIndia News ( 2009, July 28 ) . RBI Keeps All Key Rates Unchanged. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //news.oneindia.in/2009/07/28/rbi-keeps-all-key-rates-unchanged.html
Hubbard, R.G. & A ; O’Brien ( 2006 ) . How the Fed Reserves Manages the Money Supply. In Macroeconomics ( 2nd Ed. ) , Money, Banks, and the Federal Reserve System ( pp. 451-452 ) . United States: Pearson International Edition.
NK Infobase ( 2009 ) . Reserve Bank of India. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //money-transfer.in/reservebankofindia.html
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2009, July ) . Country Finance, India. Domestic Banks, pp. 14. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eiu.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/report_dl.asp? issue_id=1784732363 & A ; mode=pdf
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2009, July ) . Country Finance, India. Foreign Banks, pp. 14. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eiu.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/report_dl.asp? issue_id=1784732363 & A ; mode=pdf
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2009, July ) . Country Finance, India. Investment Banks and Brokerages, pp. 16. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eiu.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/report_dl.asp? issue_id=1784732363 & A ; mode=pdf
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2009, July ) . Country Finance, India. Development and Postal Banks, pp. 18. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eiu.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/report_dl.asp? issue_id=1784732363 & A ; mode=pdf
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2009, July ) . Country Finance, India. Offshore Banks, pp. 20. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eiu.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/report_dl.asp? issue_id=1784732363 & A ; mode=pdf
Subhash, D.V. ( 2002, February ) . Birth of a Universal Bank. Retrieved 2 December, 2009. from hypertext transfer protocol: //search.ebscohost.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/login.aspx? direct=true & A ; db=bth & A ; AN=7210765 & A ; site=ehost-live
Economist Intelligence Unit ( 2009, October ) . India: Banking Sector Risk. Retrieved 28 November 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eiu.com.eproxy1.lib.hku.hk/index.asp? layout=displayIssueArticle & A ; issue_id=1514868936 & A ; article_id=1664868951
Scribd ( 2009 ) . A Report on Non-Performing Assets – Challenge to the Public Sector Banks, pp. 10. Retrieved December 2, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/8817767/A-REPORT-ON-NPA-IN-BANKING