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Womans rights were fought for throughout history, and the Gallic Revolution saw the beginnings of feminism. The big ignorance of adult females rights during a clip of alteration in about every facet of France ‘s society, civilization, and political relations calls for oppugning, therefore the topic of the probe is to be: to what extent did the Jacobins prevent adult females from accomplishing political standing during the old ages of 1792 to 1795?
The methods used to look into this topic will be ;
Acknowledging that the Jacobins were followings of Rousseau, a survey of Emile as an inside expression on Jacobins ‘ positions on adult females.
Study the behavior towards adult females by the Jacobins through Goodness Beyond Virtue ; Jacobins During the Gallic Revolution by Patrice Higonnet.
Through Liberty: The Lifes and Timess of Six Women in Revolutionary France by Lucy Moore study the subjugation that adult females experienced as a direct consequence of the Jacobins during the Gallic Revolution.
Section B: Summary of Evidence
Rousseau ‘s Positions on Womans
Rousseau believed that adult females were non entirely unequal to work forces, but existed to function a different intent than that of work forces.[ 1 ]
In Emile, Rousseau states This rule being established, it follows that adult female was specifically made to delight the adult male. ”[ 2 ]
He states that work forces are the existences that provide for the demands and desires of adult females, and he criticizes the adult females that protest inequality.[ 3 ]
The Jacobins Treatment of Women
Conspiracies against autonomy, or the revolution, mattered more to the Jacobins than the political function of adult females.[ 4 ]
The Jacobins decreed the executing of Olympe de Gouges on November 4, 1793, who was the feminist publicizer of the Declaration of the Rights of Women.[ 5 ]
On November 8, 1793 they besides executed Mme. Roland, a really influential women’s rightist of her clip.[ 6 ]
Robespierre railed against adult females, by proposing that merely aristocrates believed in the sexual specificity of endowment and business.[ 7 ]
When adult females were invited to take part in Jacobin assemblages it was on a regular basis to function nutrient or clean up.[ 8 ]
At Toul the Jacobins determined that any adult female who sat on work forces ‘s benches would be arrested.[ 9 ]
Jacobins believed in Rousseau ‘s theory of a adult female merely belonging within the place. ”[ 10 ]
In Jacobin eyes adult females belonged to a 2nd sex whose first responsibility was to continue their sexual artlessness.[ 11 ]
Jacobins applauded adult females that were cross dressed as soldiers.[ 12 ]
Womans such as citoyenne Brunel of Nay, whom had fought at the forepart in the avante-postes, but had returned to civilian life, the Jacobins applauded.[ 1 ]2
The Marseillais Jacobin Monbrion organized an armed company of adult females in their local National Guard.[ 13 ]
It was suggested in a few of the Jacobin Clubs that adult females form full battalions in the National Guard.[ 14 ]
The Jacobins made the naturalizing differentiation between public adult male and private adult female.[ 15 ]
Jacobins such as Condorcet and Sieyes understood that work forces and adult females should be equal, and the Jacobins were prepared to give work forces and adult females equal rights as demonstrated in the jurisprudence that was passed in 1793 that gave work forces and adult females equal rights in the distribution of land.[ 16 ]
The Jacobins attacked the political engagement of adult females on the 16th of September.[ 17 ]
Womans were excluded from the Jacobin nines on the 30th of October and out to organize political groups of their ain.[ 18 ]
Jacobins blamed the problems in Paris on the Society of Republican Women.[ 19 ]
Within Jacobin nines adult females were non permitted to sit in the balconies, and were designated separate subdivisions, merely to detect.[ 20 ]
Womans were non allowed to vote, could merely move through designated male members of the nine, and could merely talk when asked to.[ 2 ]0
When Amar posed two inquiries in forepart of the Jacobins on October 30, 1973 about the political engagement and associations of adult females the response followed the order that adult females were non fit for political businesss due to their natural order, and little sum of instruction.[ 21 ]
The Jacobins told the Fraternal Society that they would merely have a commission from them if it was wholly composed of work forces.[ 22 ]
Theroigne stated that she gave up political relations because work forces she had hoped to work with ( Jacobins ) ridiculed me. ”[ 23 ]
Charlotte Corday was guillotined the 17th of July, and the Jacobins besmirched her myth of beauty saying that she had hurled herself wholly out of her sex. ”[ 24 ]
The destinies of Charlotte Corday, Marie Antoinette, Gouges, and Roland were publicized and twisted in propaganda as a warning to other adult females through the Avis aux Republicaines ” published in a newspaper.[ 25 ]
The Constitution of 1793 ( made by the CPS ) wholly barred adult females from any electoral capacity that they had before.[ 26 ]
Man and adult females were banned from discoursing in the premises of the nines.[ 27 ]
Lacombe was imprisoned by the order of the Jacobins without just test or being allowed to talk in her defense mechanism.[ 28 ]
Section C: Evaluation of Beginnings
The beginning of the book The Jacobins ; Goodness Beyond Virtue is Patrice L Higonnet, and it was published in 1998 by Harvard University Press in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The intent of the book was to expose the history and actions of the Jacobins before, during, and after the Gallic Revolution. For the intent of the probe, the Jacobins ‘ intervention of adult females was addressed within the book in order to have a elaborate position on the actions of Jacobins ‘ towards adult females. The beginning was valuable for the historical probe as it related in chronological order the events that occurred between 1792 and 1795 and their relation to adult females. Although being a secondary beginning, the book provided valuable quotation marks straight from members of the Jacobins refering the rights of adult females, and the topographic point that they should keep within political relations. Furthermore, the beginning portrayed the most politically influential adult females of the clip and their interactions with the work forces of the Jacobins nine, and how they were affected by these interactions. One of the restrictions of this beginning is that the country of the novel that was referenced for the probe focuses more on the Jacobins intervention of adult females in the political domain, but seldom discusses the consequence that this intervention had on the farther actions of these adult females.
Emilie is by Jean Jacques Rousseau, and originated in France in 1762. This primary beginning was found in the papers Women, the Family, and Freedom ; The Debate in Documents which was edited by Susan Groag Bell and Karen M. Offen, and published by Stanford University Press in 1983. The intent of Emilie was to lend Rousseau ‘s position on the instruction of kids during the enlightenment, which Rousseau thought was highly of import in developing the natural abilities of kids. The book chiefly focused on male childs, but at that place was a little subdivision on misss and adult females that showed his positions on adult females. This papers was highly valuable to the probe as since Rousseau was one of the most influential authors of the enlightenment, and was really of import to the doctrine of the Jacobins. Therefore, the book gave an confidant glance into the Jacobins ‘ outlooks of adult females, and how adult females were expected to act within the political domain. The book portrayed that adult females had excessively small instruction to take part in political relations, as stated by many male members of the Jacobins. One of the restrictions of the book was that it developed a really narrow position on adult females, as Emile was chiefly designed to portray the instruction of kids, and a little country of the book was designated to the instruction of adult females. Furthermore, Emile follows the format of a narrative instead than a factual book ; hence much of what was found in the book was left to the reading of the reader, doing it hard to analyse within a historical context.
Section D: Analysis
The importance of the probe of the intervention of adult females politically by the Jacobins within its historical context is non wholly relevant to legion historiographers because as stated by Patrice Higonnet in his papers on the Jacobins, Conspiracies against autonomy, or the revolution mattered more to the Jacobins than the political function of adult females. ”[ 29 ]The same is stated by assorted other historiographers as during the clip of the Gallic Revolution, adult females ‘s political standing mattered really small to work forces, and even less to adult females. There were a few extremist adult females that were relevant to political relations, but that was simply a few compared to 100s of 1000s of work forces in the political circle. Therefore, the subject of this probe has been ignored by most. However, the probe holds some importance within itself as it finally portrays the function of adult females within the clip period, and their obscureness within the political circle. Furthermore, it shows the Jacobins and the different facets of their political reign by puting them in a critical visible radiation, which must be performed in order to see the different facets of their engagement in the Gallic Revolution.
Most of the grounds as shown in the sum-up of grounds suggests that the Jacobins did forestall adult females from accomplishing a political standing. Initially, the Jacobins were extremist protagonists of the Enlightenment, and hence they held Rousseau ‘s position extremely, which was non in support of adult females take parting in political relations as he believed that adult females belonged in the place to take attention of kids. Due to this, legion members of the Jacobins disclaimed adult females ‘s function in political relations and this lead to the executing of influential adult females such as Madame Roland, and Olympe de Gouges[ 30 ]. Harmonizing to one of the rule beginnings ( Higonnet ) used for this probe, the Jacobins believed that adult females were uneducated and hence did non merit a topographic point in political relations, nevertheless nil was done to educate them. The Jacobins furthermore shut down the most thickly settled adult females ‘s groups in France. This grounds suggests that the Jacobins prevented adult females from accomplishing a political standing and gaining their importance.
Although, much of the grounds is in support of the Jacobins forestalling adult females ‘s political standing, there are beliing positions by other historiographers, or even by the same historian sing both sides. There were Jacobins that suggested that adult females be included in their Sessionss, and as a group the Jacobins were in support of certain independent adult females such as Brunel of Nay, and even suggested that there be full batallions that were merely made of adult females.[ 31 ]There were Torahs passed in certain countries of life that rendered adult females equal to work forces[ 32 ]. Taken from this perspective historiographers such as Michael Kennedy, and Crane Brinton placed the reading that adult females were really supported by the Jacobins in political relations, instead than prevented from come ining into political relations.
The grounds used by both readings is different to back up the points of the different historiographers, but as seen in the Part B, there is more grounds that is found to back up the position that the Jacobins did in fact, to some extent, prevent adult females form accomplishing a political standing. Therefore, the analysis of the grounds to a great extent leans towards the Jacobins favoritism against adult females. However, the grounds could be farther improved as there was non much research done on this country by historiographers, because as stated before the Jacobins did non see the rights of adult females as an of import factor in their political reign. Further surveies should be done to happen the how the Jacobins treated adult females as a whole organic structure, instead than the retelling of single instances which much of the grounds consists of presently.
Therefore, this probe is non viewed as highly of import in the historical context ; nevertheless it shed visible radiation on of import facets of history. And although more grounds is needed it appears that the Jacobins did non believe that adult females deserved a topographic point in the political circle.
Section Tocopherol: Decision
The clip in history which this probe studied, was during the extremist country of the Gallic Revolution. Therefore, as was signified by legion historiographers the Jacobins chief concern was non adult females ‘s rights. However, they played a important function in the voice that adult females had in political and societal personal businesss. The grounds that was retrieved for the probe can reason that due to the support of Rousseau ‘ positions on adult females, and the topographic point that adult females held in society, the Jacobins were non in support of adult females accomplishing a political standing within society. Several times, the Jacobins even prevented adult females from holding political groups, or assemblages and made a hapless illustration of adult females who did. Thus, it can be concluded that as a group, the Jacobins did prevent adult females from accomplishing a political standing. However, there were persons within the Jacobin community that supported adult females who attempted to accomplish political acknowledgment, but finally, due to the clip in history, and the greater bulk of the Jacobins, adult females remained on the outskirts of the political circle.
Section F: Bibliography
Secondary Beginnings
Higonnet, Patrice L.A Goodness beyond Virtue ; Jacobins during the Gallic Revolution. Cambridge, Massachussetts: Harvard University Press, 1998. Print.
Abray, Jane.A Feminism in the Gallic Revolution. The American Historical Review erectile dysfunction. Vol. 80. N.p. : The University of Chicago Press, 1975. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1859051? uid=3739448 & A ; uid=2129 & A ; uid=2 & A ; uid=70 & A ; uid=3737720 & A ; uid=4 & A ; sid=55874810553 & gt ; .
Moore, L. ( 2007 ) .A Autonomy: The Lifes and Timess of Six Women in Revolutionary France. New York, NY: Harper.
Womans in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1795, A edited and translated by by Darline Gay Levy, Harriet Branson Applewhite, and Mary Durham Johnson. Copyright 1979 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.
Cliff, T. ( 2007 ) . Class Struggle and Women ‘s Liberation. InA marxists.org. Retrieved April 2, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1984/women/02-frrev.htm # s1
Brinton, Crane.A The Jacobins: An Essay in the New History. New York: Howard G. ( INT ) Schneiderman, 1930. Print.
Hufton, Olwen H.A Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the Gallic Revolution. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992. Web. 16 Apr. 2012.
Kennedy, Michael L.A The Jacobin Clubs in the Gallic Revolution 1793-1795. N.p. : Berghahn Books, 2000. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.ca/books? id=O2PwoKacYyYC & A ; dq=the+jacobin+club+theories+on+women & A ; source=gbs_navlinks_s & gt ; .
Godineau, Dominique.A The Women of Paris and Their Gallic Revolution. LA: University of California Press, 1998. Print.
Primary Beginnings
Rousseau, J. Emile Reproduced fromA WOMEN, THE FAMILY, AND FREEDOM: THE Argument IN DOCUMENTS, vol. 1: 1750-1880, edited by Susan Groag Bell and Karen M. Offen, with the permission of the publishing houses, Stanford University Press, 43-49. A1983 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University
The Gallic Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief Documentary History, A translated, edited, and with an debut by Lynn Hunt ( Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martin ‘s, 1996 ) , 135-138.
Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, eds. , A Encyclopedie ou Dictionnaire raisonne diethylstilbestrols scientific disciplines, diethylstilbestrols humanistic disciplines, et des metiers par une societe diethylstilbestrols gens de lettres, 17 vols. ( 1751-65 ) ( Paris: Briasson, 1756 ) , 6:468-76.
The Gallic Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief Documentary History, A translated, edited, and with an debut by Lynn Hunt ( Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martin ‘s, 1996 ) , 119-121.
The methods used to look into this topic will be ;
Acknowledging that the Jacobins were followings of Rousseau, a survey of Emile as an inside expression on Jacobins ‘ positions on adult females.
Study the behavior towards adult females by the Jacobins through Goodness Beyond Virtue ; Jacobins During the Gallic Revolution by Patrice Higonnet.
Through Liberty: The Lifes and Timess of Six Women in Revolutionary France by Lucy Moore study the subjugation that adult females experienced as a direct consequence of the Jacobins during the Gallic Revolution.
Section B: Summary of Evidence
Rousseau ‘s Positions on Womans
Rousseau believed that adult females were non entirely unequal to work forces, but existed to function a different intent than that of work forces.[ 1 ]
In Emile, Rousseau states This rule being established, it follows that adult female was specifically made to delight the adult male. ”[ 2 ]
He states that work forces are the existences that provide for the demands and desires of adult females, and he criticizes the adult females that protest inequality.[ 3 ]
The Jacobins Treatment of Women
Conspiracies against autonomy, or the revolution, mattered more to the Jacobins than the political function of adult females.[ 4 ]
The Jacobins decreed the executing of Olympe de Gouges on November 4, 1793, who was the feminist publicizer of the Declaration of the Rights of Women.[ 5 ]
On November 8, 1793 they besides executed Mme. Roland, a really influential women’s rightist of her clip.[ 6 ]
Robespierre railed against adult females, by proposing that merely aristocrates believed in the sexual specificity of endowment and business.[ 7 ]
When adult females were invited to take part in Jacobin assemblages it was on a regular basis to function nutrient or clean up.[ 8 ]
At Toul the Jacobins determined that any adult female who sat on work forces ‘s benches would be arrested.[ 9 ]
Jacobins believed in Rousseau ‘s theory of a adult female merely belonging within the place. ”[ 10 ]
In Jacobin eyes adult females belonged to a 2nd sex whose first responsibility was to continue their sexual artlessness.[ 11 ]
Jacobins applauded adult females that were cross dressed as soldiers.[ 12 ]
Womans such as citoyenne Brunel of Nay, whom had fought at the forepart in the avante-postes, but had returned to civilian life, the Jacobins applauded.[ 1 ]2
The Marseillais Jacobin Monbrion organized an armed company of adult females in their local National Guard.[ 13 ]
It was suggested in a few of the Jacobin Clubs that adult females form full battalions in the National Guard.[ 14 ]
The Jacobins made the naturalizing differentiation between public adult male and private adult female.[ 15 ]
Jacobins such as Condorcet and Sieyes understood that work forces and adult females should be equal, and the Jacobins were prepared to give work forces and adult females equal rights as demonstrated in the jurisprudence that was passed in 1793 that gave work forces and adult females equal rights in the distribution of land.[ 16 ]
The Jacobins attacked the political engagement of adult females on the 16th of September.[ 17 ]
Womans were excluded from the Jacobin nines on the 30th of October and out to organize political groups of their ain.[ 18 ]
Jacobins blamed the problems in Paris on the Society of Republican Women.[ 19 ]
Within Jacobin nines adult females were non permitted to sit in the balconies, and were designated separate subdivisions, merely to detect.[ 20 ]
Womans were non allowed to vote, could merely move through designated male members of the nine, and could merely talk when asked to.[ 2 ]0
When Amar posed two inquiries in forepart of the Jacobins on October 30, 1973 about the political engagement and associations of adult females the response followed the order that adult females were non fit for political businesss due to their natural order, and little sum of instruction.[ 21 ]
The Jacobins told the Fraternal Society that they would merely have a commission from them if it was wholly composed of work forces.[ 22 ]
Theroigne stated that she gave up political relations because work forces she had hoped to work with ( Jacobins ) ridiculed me. ”[ 23 ]
Charlotte Corday was guillotined the 17th of July, and the Jacobins besmirched her myth of beauty saying that she had hurled herself wholly out of her sex. ”[ 24 ]
The destinies of Charlotte Corday, Marie Antoinette, Gouges, and Roland were publicized and twisted in propaganda as a warning to other adult females through the Avis aux Republicaines ” published in a newspaper.[ 25 ]
The Constitution of 1793 ( made by the CPS ) wholly barred adult females from any electoral capacity that they had before.[ 26 ]
Man and adult females were banned from discoursing in the premises of the nines.[ 27 ]
Lacombe was imprisoned by the order of the Jacobins without just test or being allowed to talk in her defense mechanism.[ 28 ]
Section C: Evaluation of Beginnings
The beginning of the book The Jacobins ; Goodness Beyond Virtue is Patrice L Higonnet, and it was published in 1998 by Harvard University Press in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The intent of the book was to expose the history and actions of the Jacobins before, during, and after the Gallic Revolution. For the intent of the probe, the Jacobins ‘ intervention of adult females was addressed within the book in order to have a elaborate position on the actions of Jacobins ‘ towards adult females. The beginning was valuable for the historical probe as it related in chronological order the events that occurred between 1792 and 1795 and their relation to adult females. Although being a secondary beginning, the book provided valuable quotation marks straight from members of the Jacobins refering the rights of adult females, and the topographic point that they should keep within political relations. Furthermore, the beginning portrayed the most politically influential adult females of the clip and their interactions with the work forces of the Jacobins nine, and how they were affected by these interactions. One of the restrictions of this beginning is that the country of the novel that was referenced for the probe focuses more on the Jacobins intervention of adult females in the political domain, but seldom discusses the consequence that this intervention had on the farther actions of these adult females.
Emilie is by Jean Jacques Rousseau, and originated in France in 1762. This primary beginning was found in the papers Women, the Family, and Freedom ; The Debate in Documents which was edited by Susan Groag Bell and Karen M. Offen, and published by Stanford University Press in 1983. The intent of Emilie was to lend Rousseau ‘s position on the instruction of kids during the enlightenment, which Rousseau thought was highly of import in developing the natural abilities of kids. The book chiefly focused on male childs, but at that place was a little subdivision on misss and adult females that showed his positions on adult females. This papers was highly valuable to the probe as since Rousseau was one of the most influential authors of the enlightenment, and was really of import to the doctrine of the Jacobins. Therefore, the book gave an confidant glance into the Jacobins ‘ outlooks of adult females, and how adult females were expected to act within the political domain. The book portrayed that adult females had excessively small instruction to take part in political relations, as stated by many male members of the Jacobins. One of the restrictions of the book was that it developed a really narrow position on adult females, as Emile was chiefly designed to portray the instruction of kids, and a little country of the book was designated to the instruction of adult females. Furthermore, Emile follows the format of a narrative instead than a factual book ; hence much of what was found in the book was left to the reading of the reader, doing it hard to analyse within a historical context.
Section D: Analysis
The importance of the probe of the intervention of adult females politically by the Jacobins within its historical context is non wholly relevant to legion historiographers because as stated by Patrice Higonnet in his papers on the Jacobins, Conspiracies against autonomy, or the revolution mattered more to the Jacobins than the political function of adult females. ”[ 29 ]The same is stated by assorted other historiographers as during the clip of the Gallic Revolution, adult females ‘s political standing mattered really small to work forces, and even less to adult females. There were a few extremist adult females that were relevant to political relations, but that was simply a few compared to 100s of 1000s of work forces in the political circle. Therefore, the subject of this probe has been ignored by most. However, the probe holds some importance within itself as it finally portrays the function of adult females within the clip period, and their obscureness within the political circle. Furthermore, it shows the Jacobins and the different facets of their political reign by puting them in a critical visible radiation, which must be performed in order to see the different facets of their engagement in the Gallic Revolution.
Most of the grounds as shown in the sum-up of grounds suggests that the Jacobins did forestall adult females from accomplishing a political standing. Initially, the Jacobins were extremist protagonists of the Enlightenment, and hence they held Rousseau ‘s position extremely, which was non in support of adult females take parting in political relations as he believed that adult females belonged in the place to take attention of kids. Due to this, legion members of the Jacobins disclaimed adult females ‘s function in political relations and this lead to the executing of influential adult females such as Madame Roland, and Olympe de Gouges[ 30 ]. Harmonizing to one of the rule beginnings ( Higonnet ) used for this probe, the Jacobins believed that adult females were uneducated and hence did non merit a topographic point in political relations, nevertheless nil was done to educate them. The Jacobins furthermore shut down the most thickly settled adult females ‘s groups in France. This grounds suggests that the Jacobins prevented adult females from accomplishing a political standing and gaining their importance.
Although, much of the grounds is in support of the Jacobins forestalling adult females ‘s political standing, there are beliing positions by other historiographers, or even by the same historian sing both sides. There were Jacobins that suggested that adult females be included in their Sessionss, and as a group the Jacobins were in support of certain independent adult females such as Brunel of Nay, and even suggested that there be full batallions that were merely made of adult females.[ 31 ]There were Torahs passed in certain countries of life that rendered adult females equal to work forces[ 32 ]. Taken from this perspective historiographers such as Michael Kennedy, and Crane Brinton placed the reading that adult females were really supported by the Jacobins in political relations, instead than prevented from come ining into political relations.
The grounds used by both readings is different to back up the points of the different historiographers, but as seen in the Part B, there is more grounds that is found to back up the position that the Jacobins did in fact, to some extent, prevent adult females form accomplishing a political standing. Therefore, the analysis of the grounds to a great extent leans towards the Jacobins favoritism against adult females. However, the grounds could be farther improved as there was non much research done on this country by historiographers, because as stated before the Jacobins did non see the rights of adult females as an of import factor in their political reign. Further surveies should be done to happen the how the Jacobins treated adult females as a whole organic structure, instead than the retelling of single instances which much of the grounds consists of presently.
Therefore, this probe is non viewed as highly of import in the historical context ; nevertheless it shed visible radiation on of import facets of history. And although more grounds is needed it appears that the Jacobins did non believe that adult females deserved a topographic point in the political circle.
Section Tocopherol: Decision
The clip in history which this probe studied, was during the extremist country of the Gallic Revolution. Therefore, as was signified by legion historiographers the Jacobins chief concern was non adult females ‘s rights. However, they played a important function in the voice that adult females had in political and societal personal businesss. The grounds that was retrieved for the probe can reason that due to the support of Rousseau ‘ positions on adult females, and the topographic point that adult females held in society, the Jacobins were non in support of adult females accomplishing a political standing within society. Several times, the Jacobins even prevented adult females from holding political groups, or assemblages and made a hapless illustration of adult females who did. Thus, it can be concluded that as a group, the Jacobins did prevent adult females from accomplishing a political standing. However, there were persons within the Jacobin community that supported adult females who attempted to accomplish political acknowledgment, but finally, due to the clip in history, and the greater bulk of the Jacobins, adult females remained on the outskirts of the political circle.
Section F: Bibliography
Secondary Beginnings
Higonnet, Patrice L.A Goodness beyond Virtue ; Jacobins during the Gallic Revolution. Cambridge, Massachussetts: Harvard University Press, 1998. Print.
Abray, Jane.A Feminism in the Gallic Revolution. The American Historical Review erectile dysfunction. Vol. 80. N.p. : The University of Chicago Press, 1975. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1859051? uid=3739448 & A ; uid=2129 & A ; uid=2 & A ; uid=70 & A ; uid=3737720 & A ; uid=4 & A ; sid=55874810553 & gt ; .
Moore, L. ( 2007 ) .A Autonomy: The Lifes and Timess of Six Women in Revolutionary France. New York, NY: Harper.
Womans in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1795, A edited and translated by by Darline Gay Levy, Harriet Branson Applewhite, and Mary Durham Johnson. Copyright 1979 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.
Cliff, T. ( 2007 ) . Class Struggle and Women ‘s Liberation. InA marxists.org. Retrieved April 2, 2012, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1984/women/02-frrev.htm # s1
Brinton, Crane.A The Jacobins: An Essay in the New History. New York: Howard G. ( INT ) Schneiderman, 1930. Print.
Hufton, Olwen H.A Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the Gallic Revolution. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992. Web. 16 Apr. 2012.
Kennedy, Michael L.A The Jacobin Clubs in the Gallic Revolution 1793-1795. N.p. : Berghahn Books, 2000. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.ca/books? id=O2PwoKacYyYC & A ; dq=the+jacobin+club+theories+on+women & A ; source=gbs_navlinks_s & gt ; .
Godineau, Dominique.A The Women of Paris and Their Gallic Revolution. LA: University of California Press, 1998. Print.
Primary Beginnings
Rousseau, J. Emile Reproduced fromA WOMEN, THE FAMILY, AND FREEDOM: THE Argument IN DOCUMENTS, vol. 1: 1750-1880, edited by Susan Groag Bell and Karen M. Offen, with the permission of the publishing houses, Stanford University Press, 43-49. A1983 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University
The Gallic Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief Documentary History, A translated, edited, and with an debut by Lynn Hunt ( Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martin ‘s, 1996 ) , 135-138.
Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, eds. , A Encyclopedie ou Dictionnaire raisonne diethylstilbestrols scientific disciplines, diethylstilbestrols humanistic disciplines, et des metiers par une societe diethylstilbestrols gens de lettres, 17 vols. ( 1751-65 ) ( Paris: Briasson, 1756 ) , 6:468-76.
The Gallic Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief Documentary History, A translated, edited, and with an debut by Lynn Hunt ( Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martin ‘s, 1996 ) , 119-121.